Git-এর শক্তিশালী হাতিয়ার — stash, cherry-pick, worktree, sparse checkout আর hook

$ echo 'Run with: node app.js' >> README.md
$ git stash push -m "try: shorter README"
Saved working directory and index state On feature/discount: try: shorter README
$ # edit app.js (label now calls badge()) and create badge.css
$ git status --short
 M app.js
?? badge.css
$ git stash push -u -m "discount: half-done badge"
Saved working directory and index state On feature/discount: discount: half-done badge
$ git status --short
$ git stash list
stash@{0}: On feature/discount: discount: half-done badge
stash@{1}: On feature/discount: try: shorter README
$ git stash show -p stash@{1}
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 28b9074..329eaa6 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 # Shop
 A tiny cart demo.
+Run with: node app.js
$ git stash show --include-untracked --stat stash@{0}
 app.js    | 2 +-
 badge.css | 1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

$ # stage a new constant in app.js; also edit badge.css (not staged)
$ git status --short
M  app.js
 M badge.css
$ git stash push --staged -m "shipping constant only"
Saved working directory and index state On feature/discount: shipping constant only
$ git status --short
 M badge.css
$ git stash show --stat
 app.js | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

$ git cat-file -p stash@{0}
tree a8eacb18f7568732d455342921064720cfb00be5
parent bbd74cc27a827f93c233a4e7b5d0b1c743e633b5
parent bfbb63a326954a46de41ffd1ac269818dca94643
parent 0fa2871bb00fc030d59ff87b3c191ca0ab5c2e8d
author Rahim <rahim@example.com> 1768449900 +0600
committer Rahim <rahim@example.com> 1768449900 +0600

On feature/discount: discount: half-done badge
$ git log --format='%h %s' --no-walk 'stash@{0}^1' 'stash@{0}^2' 'stash@{0}^3'
bfbb63a index on feature/discount: bbd74cc feat: add cart total
0fa2871 untracked files on feature/discount: bbd74cc feat: add cart total
bbd74cc feat: add cart total

$ git switch main
Switched to branch 'main'
$ # hotfix: label now uses t.toFixed(2)
$ git commit -q -am "fix(cart): show total with 2 decimals"
$ git switch feature/discount
Switched to branch 'feature/discount'
$ git merge -q --ff-only main
$ git stash pop
Auto-merging app.js
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in app.js
On branch feature/discount
Unmerged paths:
  (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
  (use "git add <file>..." to mark resolution)
	both modified:   app.js

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
	badge.css

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
The stash entry is kept in case you need it again.
$ git status --short
UU app.js
?? badge.css
$ git stash list
stash@{0}: On feature/discount: discount: half-done badge
stash@{1}: On feature/discount: try: shorter README
$ cat app.js
const VAT = 0.15;
function total(items) {
  return items.reduce((s, i) => s + i.price, 0);
}
function label(t) {
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
  return "Total: " + t.toFixed(2);
=======
  return "Total: " + t + badge();
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
}
$ # resolve by hand: keep both changes
$ grep -n Total app.js
6:  return "Total: " + t.toFixed(2) + badge();
$ git add app.js
$ git stash drop
Dropped refs/stash@{0} (e8c32b8d2886f481bff770aaf6fc93f292c62aae)
$ git stash list
stash@{0}: On feature/discount: try: shorter README

$ git add badge.css
$ git commit -q -m "feat(cart): add discount badge"
$ git stash branch try/readme stash@{0}
Switched to a new branch 'try/readme'
On branch try/readme
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
	modified:   README.md

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
Dropped stash@{0} (925d620bc246ba19018a0b0aaf6901747483d5e8)
$ git log --oneline --decorate --all
9d0acd4 (feature/discount) feat(cart): add discount badge
16e6075 (main) fix(cart): show total with 2 decimals
bbd74cc (HEAD -> try/readme) feat: add cart total

// Stash as a stack. Each entry keeps, per file, the HEAD text it started from
// (base) and the edited text. A file is one "line" here; Git merges line by line.
let HEAD = { app: "total", readme: "intro" };
let wt = { ...HEAD };
const stash = [];                                      // stash[0] is stash@{0}
const show = (what) => console.log(what.padEnd(26) + "wt=" + JSON.stringify(wt) +
  " list=[" + stash.map((e, i) => i + ":" + e.msg).join(", ") + "]");
function push(msg) {
  const ch = {};
  for (const f in wt) if (wt[f] !== HEAD[f]) ch[f] = { base: HEAD[f], text: wt[f] };
  stash.unshift({ msg, ch }); wt = { ...HEAD }; show("push " + msg);
}
function apply(n, drop = false) {
  const e = stash[n], clash = [];
  for (const f in e.ch) {
    const { base, text } = e.ch[f];
    if (wt[f] === base) wt[f] = text;                  // only the stash changed it
    else if (wt[f] !== text) { clash.push(f); wt[f] = `<<<${wt[f]}|${text}>>>`; }
  }
  if (clash.length) return show("CONFLICT " + clash + ", kept");
  if (drop) stash.splice(n, 1);
  show((drop ? "pop" : "apply") + ` stash@{${n}}`);
}
const drop = (n) => { stash.splice(n, 1); show(`drop stash@{${n}}`); };
show("start");
wt.readme = "intro+run";   push("try-readme");
wt.app = "total+badge";    push("badge");
apply(1);                                  // README back, entry stays in the list
wt = { ...HEAD };          show("git restore .");
apply(0, true);                            // pop: badge back, entry removed
push("badge");                             // stash it again for the hotfix
HEAD.app = "total.toFixed"; wt = { ...HEAD }; show("hotfix commit on HEAD");
apply(0, true);                            // pop now clashes with the hotfix
wt.app = "total.toFixed+badge"; show("resolve by hand");
drop(0);                                   // a conflicted pop never drops; do it

$ git log --oneline main
4321f1c fix(cart): reject zero or negative qty
b1845f3 docs: explain VAT rounding
ef0492c fix(cart): round VAT to 2 decimals
911374e feat(cart): add coupon field
93306c4 feat: first release of the cart
$ git switch release/1.4
Switched to branch 'release/1.4'
$ git cherry-pick -x ef0492c
[release/1.4 2e808fc] fix(cart): round VAT to 2 decimals
 Date: Thu Jan 15 10:03:00 2026 +0600
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
$ git log -1 --format=%B
fix(cart): round VAT to 2 decimals

(cherry picked from commit ef0492cbb781bea76dea8f2206ee3b388805d91a)

$ git log --oneline release/1.4
2e808fc fix(cart): round VAT to 2 decimals
93306c4 feat: first release of the cart

$ git log --oneline -1
229d7dd fix(cart): cap qty at 10 on 1.4
$ git cherry-pick -x 4321f1c
Auto-merging cart.js
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in cart.js
error: could not apply 4321f1c... fix(cart): reject zero or negative qty
hint: After resolving the conflicts, mark them with
hint: "git add/rm <pathspec>", then run
hint: "git cherry-pick --continue".
hint: You can instead skip this commit with "git cherry-pick --skip".
hint: To abort and get back to the state before "git cherry-pick",
hint: run "git cherry-pick --abort".
hint: Disable this message with "git config set advice.mergeConflict false"
$ git status --short
UU cart.js
$ cat cart.js
function addItem(cart, qty) {
<<<<<<< HEAD
  if (qty > 0 && qty <= 10) cart.qty += qty;
=======
  if (qty <= 0) throw new Error("bad qty");
  cart.qty += qty;
>>>>>>> 4321f1c (fix(cart): reject zero or negative qty)
}
$ cat cart.js
function addItem(cart, qty) {
  if (qty <= 0 || qty > 10) throw new Error("bad qty");
  cart.qty += qty;
}
$ git add cart.js
$ git cherry-pick --continue
[release/1.4 4d40735] fix(cart): reject zero or negative qty
 Date: Thu Jan 15 10:05:00 2026 +0600
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
$ git log --oneline release/1.4
4d40735 fix(cart): reject zero or negative qty
229d7dd fix(cart): cap qty at 10 on 1.4
2e808fc fix(cart): round VAT to 2 decimals
93306c4 feat: first release of the cart

$ git switch -q -c demo3 v1.4.0
$ git cherry-pick -n 911374e ef0492c
$ git status --short
A  coupon.js
M  vat.js
$ git log --oneline -1
93306c4 feat: first release of the cart
$ git log --oneline --graph -3 main
*   e8a15f5 Merge branch 'feat/receipt'
|\  
| * 1b559a1 feat(cart): print receipt
|/  
* 4321f1c fix(cart): reject zero or negative qty
$ git switch -q release/1.4
$ git cherry-pick e8a15f5
error: commit e8a15f50e9f93b33464697d6272d241dcf0c8321 is a merge but no -m option was given.
fatal: cherry-pick failed
$ git cherry-pick -x -m 1 e8a15f5
[release/1.4 13758fe] Merge branch 'feat/receipt'
 Date: Thu Jan 15 10:32:00 2026 +0600
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 receipt.js

$ git switch -q -c demo1 v1.4.0
$ git cherry-pick 911374e..b1845f3
[demo1 38c993d] fix(cart): round VAT to 2 decimals
 Date: Thu Jan 15 10:03:00 2026 +0600
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
[demo1 33114cb] docs: explain VAT rounding
 Date: Thu Jan 15 10:04:00 2026 +0600
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
$ git log --oneline
33114cb docs: explain VAT rounding
38c993d fix(cart): round VAT to 2 decimals
93306c4 feat: first release of the cart
$ git switch -q -c demo2 v1.4.0
$ git cherry-pick 911374e^..b1845f3
[demo2 05b0b67] feat(cart): add coupon field
 Date: Thu Jan 15 10:02:00 2026 +0600
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 coupon.js
[demo2 5348b31] fix(cart): round VAT to 2 decimals
 Date: Thu Jan 15 10:03:00 2026 +0600
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
[demo2 1e11b72] docs: explain VAT rounding
 Date: Thu Jan 15 10:04:00 2026 +0600
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
$ git log --oneline
1e11b72 docs: explain VAT rounding
5348b31 fix(cart): round VAT to 2 decimals
05b0b67 feat(cart): add coupon field
93306c4 feat: first release of the cart

// Which commits does "git cherry-pick X..Y" pick? A linear history, oldest first;
// each commit's parent is the one before it. X^ means "the parent of X".
const log = [
  ["93306c4", "feat: first release of the cart"],
  ["911374e", "feat(cart): add coupon field"],
  ["ef0492c", "fix(cart): round VAT to 2 decimals"],
  ["b1845f3", "docs: explain VAT rounding"],
  ["4321f1c", "fix(cart): reject zero or negative qty"],
];
function pos(rev) {                        // "hash" or "hash^" -> index in log
  const up = rev.endsWith("^"), h = up ? rev.slice(0, -1) : rev;
  const i = log.findIndex(([x]) => x === h);
  if (i < 0) throw new Error("unknown revision " + rev);
  if (up && i === 0) throw new Error(rev + ": a root commit has no parent");
  return up ? i - 1 : i;
}
const reach = (i) => new Set(log.slice(0, i + 1).map(([h]) => h)); // i + ancestors
function range(spec) {                     // X..Y = reachable from Y, minus from X
  const [x, y] = spec.split("..");
  const fromY = reach(pos(y)), fromX = reach(pos(x));
  return log.filter(([h]) => fromY.has(h) && !fromX.has(h));    // oldest first
}
for (const spec of ["911374e..b1845f3", "911374e^..b1845f3", "b1845f3..911374e",
                    "ef0492c..ef0492c", "93306c4^..ef0492c"]) {
  try {
    const r = range(spec);
    console.log(spec.padEnd(18) + " -> " + r.length + " commit(s)");
    for (const [h, s] of r) console.log("     pick " + h + " " + s);
  } catch (e) { console.log(spec.padEnd(18) + " -> error: " + e.message); }
}

$ git cherry -v release/1.4 main
+ 911374ebfffe16048b4fd1ae5c1e52c1ad2ba7e0 feat(cart): add coupon field
- ef0492cbb781bea76dea8f2206ee3b388805d91a fix(cart): round VAT to 2 decimals
+ b1845f3a557b4526ac8dbddee03abb86194383a1 docs: explain VAT rounding
+ 4321f1c446242c4bce7dcd0c00b7adbb9be69bc6 fix(cart): reject zero or negative qty
- 1b559a153fd8433df356d721fd7263edf40b4666 feat(cart): print receipt

$ git status --short
 M app.js
$ git worktree add ../shop-hotfix -b hotfix/receipt main
Preparing worktree (new branch 'hotfix/receipt')
HEAD is now at 0e7c38a feat: add cart total
$ git worktree list
~/work/shop        0e7c38a [feature/discount]
~/work/shop-hotfix 0e7c38a [hotfix/receipt]
$ cd ../shop-hotfix
$ cat .git
gitdir: ~/work/shop/.git/worktrees/shop-hotfix
$ git branch --show-current
hotfix/receipt
$ git commit -q -am 'fix(cart): print receipt'
$ git worktree add ../shop-review feature/discount
Preparing worktree (checking out 'feature/discount')
fatal: 'feature/discount' is already used by worktree at '~/work/shop'
$ cd ../shop
$ git switch hotfix/receipt
fatal: 'hotfix/receipt' is already used by worktree at '~/work/shop-hotfix'
$ git status --short
 M app.js
$ git worktree add --detach ../shop-review main
Preparing worktree (detached HEAD 0e7c38a)
HEAD is now at 0e7c38a feat: add cart total
$ git worktree list
~/work/shop        0e7c38a [feature/discount]
~/work/shop-hotfix 139f6dc [hotfix/receipt]
~/work/shop-review 0e7c38a (detached HEAD)
$ git worktree remove ../shop-hotfix
$ rm -rf ../shop-review
$ git worktree list
~/work/shop        0e7c38a [feature/discount]
~/work/shop-review 0e7c38a (detached HEAD) prunable
$ git worktree prune
$ git worktree list
~/work/shop 0e7c38a [feature/discount]
$ git branch
* feature/discount
  hotfix/receipt
  main

// Worktree rules: one .git, many working folders. A branch may be checked out in
// at most ONE worktree at a time; a detached HEAD has no such limit.
const branches = new Set(["main", "feature/discount"]);
const wts = [{ path: "~/work/shop", head: "feature/discount", main: true, dirty: true }];
const usedBy = (b) => wts.find((w) => w.head === b);
function add(path, ref, { b, detach } = {}) {
  if (wts.some((w) => w.path === path)) return `fatal: '${path}' already exists`;
  if (b) { if (branches.has(b)) return `fatal: a branch named '${b}' already exists`;
    branches.add(b); ref = b; } else if (!detach && usedBy(ref))
    return `fatal: '${ref}' is already used by worktree at '${usedBy(ref).path}'`;
  wts.push({ path, head: detach ? "(detached HEAD)" : ref, dirty: false });
  return `ok: ${path} [${detach ? "detached HEAD" : ref}]`;
}
function sw(path, ref) {                    // git switch inside one worktree
  const w = wts.find((x) => x.path === path), u = usedBy(ref);
  if (u && u !== w) return `fatal: '${ref}' is already used by worktree at '${u.path}'`;
  w.head = ref; return `ok: ${path} is now on ${ref}`;
}
function remove(path, force = false) {
  const i = wts.findIndex((w) => w.path === path), w = wts[i];
  if (w.main) return `fatal: '${path}' is a main working tree`;
  if (w.dirty && !force) return `fatal: '${path}' contains modified or untracked files, use --force to delete it`;
  wts.splice(i, 1); return `ok: removed ${path}; branch '${w.head}' still exists`;
}
const steps = [
  ["add -b hotfix/receipt", () => add("~/work/shop-hotfix", "main", { b: "hotfix/receipt" })],
  ["add feature/discount", () => add("~/work/shop-review", "feature/discount")],
  ["add --detach", () => add("~/work/shop-review", "feature/discount", { detach: true })],
  ["switch hotfix/receipt", () => sw("~/work/shop", "hotfix/receipt")],
  ["add -b hotfix/receipt", () => add("~/work/shop-2", "main", { b: "hotfix/receipt" })],
  ["remove main worktree", () => remove("~/work/shop")],
  ["remove shop-hotfix", () => remove("~/work/shop-hotfix")],
  ["switch hotfix/receipt", () => sw("~/work/shop", "hotfix/receipt")],
];
for (const [label, run] of steps) console.log(label.padEnd(22) + run());

$ find . -path ./.git -prune -o -type f -print | sort
./README.md
./docs/main.txt
./package.json
./services/README.md
./services/catalog/main.txt
./services/payments/main.txt
./web/admin/main.txt
./web/shop/main.txt
$ git sparse-checkout init --cone
$ find . -path ./.git -prune -o -type f -print | sort
./README.md
./package.json
$ git sparse-checkout set services/payments
$ find . -path ./.git -prune -o -type f -print | sort
./README.md
./package.json
./services/README.md
./services/payments/main.txt
$ git sparse-checkout list
services/payments
$ cat .git/info/sparse-checkout
/*
!/*/
/services/
!/services/*/
/services/payments/
$ git sparse-checkout add web/shop
$ git sparse-checkout list
services/payments
web/shop
$ git status
On branch main
You are in a sparse checkout with 63% of tracked files present.

nothing to commit, working tree clean
$ git sparse-checkout disable
$ find . -path ./.git -prune -o -type f -print | sort
./README.md
./docs/main.txt
./package.json
./services/README.md
./services/catalog/main.txt
./services/payments/main.txt
./web/admin/main.txt
./web/shop/main.txt

$ ls .git/hooks
applypatch-msg.sample
commit-msg.sample
fsmonitor-watchman.sample
post-update.sample
pre-applypatch.sample
pre-commit.sample
pre-merge-commit.sample
pre-push.sample
pre-rebase.sample
pre-receive.sample
prepare-commit-msg.sample
push-to-checkout.sample
sendemail-validate.sample
update.sample
$ mkdir .githooks
$ cat .githooks/commit-msg
#!/bin/sh
# commit-msg hook: $1 is the file that holds the proposed message
subject=$(head -n 1 "$1")
types='feat|fix|docs|style|refactor|perf|test|build|ci|chore|revert'
if ! printf '%s\n' "$subject" | grep -Eq "^($types)(\([a-z0-9-]+\))?!?: [^ ]"; then
  echo "commit-msg: subject must look like 'type(scope): description'" >&2
  echo "  got: $subject" >&2
  exit 1
fi
if [ ${#subject} -gt 72 ]; then
  echo "commit-msg: subject has ${#subject} characters (max 72)" >&2
  exit 1
fi
exit 0
$ git config core.hooksPath .githooks
$ git add --chmod=+x .githooks/commit-msg
$ git add vat.js
$ git commit -m "fixed stuff"; echo "exit code: $?"
commit-msg: subject must look like 'type(scope): description'
  got: fixed stuff
exit code: 1
$ git commit -m 'fix(cart): round VAT to two decimals'
[main 4f7a80e] fix(cart): round VAT to two decimals
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+)
 create mode 100755 .githooks/commit-msg
 create mode 100644 vat.js
$ git commit -am "wip"; echo "exit code: $?"
commit-msg: subject must look like 'type(scope): description'
  got: wip
exit code: 1
$ git commit --no-verify -am 'wip'
[main fe266b0] wip
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
$ git log --oneline
fe266b0 wip
4f7a80e fix(cart): round VAT to two decimals
c0820a3 chore: start project

#!/bin/sh
# pre-receive hook (server): stdin has one line per ref: <old> <new> <refname>
zero=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
status=0
while read old new ref; do
  [ "$ref" = "refs/heads/main" ] || continue
  if [ "$old" = "$zero" ]; then range=$new; else range=$old..$new; fi
  for c in $(git rev-list "$range"); do
    subject=$(git log -1 --format=%s "$c")
    if ! printf '%s\n' "$subject" | grep -Eq '^[a-z]+(\([a-z0-9-]+\))?!?: [^ ]'; then
      echo "pre-receive: $(git rev-parse --short "$c") on main: bad subject '$subject'"
      status=1
    fi
  done
done
exit $status

$ git init -q --bare ../server.git
$ git remote add origin ../server.git
$ git push origin main
remote: pre-receive: fe266b0 on main: bad subject 'wip'
To ../server.git
 ! [remote rejected] main -> main (pre-receive hook declined)
error: failed to push some refs to '../server.git'
$ git commit --amend -m 'feat(cart): add shipping constant'
[main 3aede59] feat(cart): add shipping constant
 Date: Thu Jan 15 10:11:00 2026 +0600
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
$ git push origin main
To ../server.git
 * [new branch]      main -> main

import os, re, tempfile
TYPES = {"feat", "fix", "docs", "style", "refactor", "perf", "test", "build", "ci", "chore", "revert"}
HEADER = re.compile(r"^(?P<type>[A-Za-z]+)(\([a-z0-9-]+\))?!?: (?P<desc>\S.*)$")
PAST = {"added", "fixed", "changed", "updated", "removed"}
def check(subject):                                 # [] means accept
    if subject.startswith(("Merge ", 'Revert "', "fixup! ", "squash! ")):
        return []                                   # messages Git itself writes
    m = HEADER.match(subject)
    if not m:
        return ["not in the form type(scope): description"]
    t = m["type"]
    rules = [(t.lower() not in TYPES, f"unknown type '{t}'"),
             (t.lower() in TYPES and t != t.lower(), "team rule: type in lower case"),
             (len(subject) > 72, f"{len(subject)} characters (max 72)"),
             (subject.endswith("."), "team rule: no full stop at the end"),
             (m["desc"].split()[0].lower() in PAST, "team rule: imperative ('add', not 'added')")]
    return [msg for bad, msg in rules if bad]
def commit_msg_hook(path):                          # Git passes the message file path
    with open(path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
        lines = [l.rstrip("\n") for l in f if not l.startswith("#")]
    subject = next((l for l in lines if l.strip()), "")
    why = check(subject)
    print("ACCEPT exit 0" if not why else "REJECT exit 1", "|", subject)
    for w in why: print("    -", w)
    return 1 if why else 0
samples = ["fix(cart): round VAT to two decimals", "fixed stuff", "feat(cart)!: drop the old coupon API",
           "Feat(auth): add OTP login", "fix(cart): Fixed rounding.", "feature(auth): add OTP login",
           "docs(readme): explain every setting of the shop config, the cart and the VAT", "Merge branch 'hotfix/vat'"]
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as d:
    path, codes = os.path.join(d, "COMMIT_EDITMSG"), []
    for s in samples:
        with open(path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f: f.write(s + "\n\n# Please enter the commit message\n")
        codes.append(commit_msg_hook(path))
print("exit codes:", codes)

$ git notes add -m 'Load-tested on staging: 200 orders/min, OK' HEAD
$ git notes show HEAD
Load-tested on staging: 200 orders/min, OK
$ git log -1
commit 9be7e1ecec407c790700c172728c9c3ee80fea1e
Author: Rahim <rahim@example.com>
Date:   Thu Jan 15 10:03:00 2026 +0600

    fix(cart): round VAT

Notes:
    Load-tested on staging: 200 orders/min, OK
$ git notes list
3935d87280ba5f89f2b627b1474fae723e955e0c 9be7e1ecec407c790700c172728c9c3ee80fea1e

$ git bundle create ../shop.bundle --all
$ git bundle verify ../shop.bundle
../shop.bundle is okay
The bundle contains these 4 refs:
9be7e1ecec407c790700c172728c9c3ee80fea1e refs/heads/main
cf2c40f72349a68b45125c839d292d06f10f234d refs/notes/commits
93eeb28b94af3164aff73b6f64b78db9e25aba59 refs/tags/v1.0
9be7e1ecec407c790700c172728c9c3ee80fea1e HEAD
The bundle records a complete history.
The bundle uses this hash algorithm: sha1
$ git clone -q ../shop.bundle ../copy
$ git -C ../copy log --oneline --decorate
9be7e1e (HEAD -> main, origin/main, origin/HEAD) fix(cart): round VAT
5cce398 (tag: v1.0) feat(cart): add shipping
0ccfbde feat: first version
$ git archive --format=tar --prefix=shop-1.0/ -o ../v1.0.tar v1.0
$ tar -tf ../v1.0.tar
shop-1.0/
shop-1.0/README.md
shop-1.0/ship.js
shop-1.0/vat.js

$ git rev-list --count HEAD
3
$ git rev-list --count v1.0..HEAD
1
$ git clean -n
Would remove debug.log
$ git clean -nd
Would remove build/
Would remove debug.log